List of Biosphere Reserves and their location.
1. Nilgiri - Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka
2. Nanda Devi - Uttar Pradesh (part of Chamoli, Pithorgarh and Almora districts and Meghalaya ( part of Garo hills)
3. Nokrek - Meghalaya
4. Manas - Assam
5. Sunderbans - West Bengal
6. Gulf of Mannar - Tamil Nadu
7. Great Nicobar - (A & N Islands)
8. Simlipal - Orissa
9. Dibru-Saikhowa - Assam
10. Dihang Dibang - Arunachal Pradesh
11. Kanchenchunga - Sikkim
12. Pachmarhi - Madhya Pradesh
13. Agasthyamalai - Kerala
14. Achanakamar -Amarkantak- Parts of MP and parts of Chattisgarh
Friday, January 16, 2009
Thursday, January 15, 2009
Geography notes2
Hottest Place: Dallol, Denakil Depression, Ethiopia, annual average temperature : 34.4 degree Celsius
Coldest Place: Plateau Station, Antarctica, annual average temperature : -56.7 degree Celsius
Wettest Place: Mawsynram, Meghalaya : 1187cm (74 yr average)
Driest Place: Atacama Desert, Chile : 0.08cm
Geographical terminology:
Trade Winds are the winds which blow from the sub-tropical belts of high pressure towards the equatorial region of low pressure from the north-east in the northern hemisphere and from the south east in the southern hemisphere.
Gale is the name given to strong winds having a speed between 56km and 72 km per hour.
Hurricane denotes a strong wind and a violent cyclonic storm with torrential rain and thunderstorm with wind velocity of over hundred km per hour.
Tornado is the name given to the violent storm occuring in North America. It is generally accompanied by torrential rains and produces water spouts in the sea.
Water Spout is a tornado occuring in the sea usually in tropical and sub-tropical regions which connects a whirling cone of dense cloud with a cone of spray raised from sea and thus raises a huge column of water.
Bora is the name given to the cold dry wind experienced particularly in winter along the eastern coast of the Atlantic Ocean and in northern Italy.
Cyclone is a storm of high intensity with winds blowing at speeds of 120-280 km per hour round the centre. The winds, often accompanied by torrential rain, rush inward from all directions.
Major Grasslands:
Grasslands Continent/
Country
Prairies North America
Pampas South America
Pretoria South Africa
Veld South Africa
Steppes Eurasia
Downs Australia
Pustaz Hungary
Cantanburry New Zealand
Coldest Place: Plateau Station, Antarctica, annual average temperature : -56.7 degree Celsius
Wettest Place: Mawsynram, Meghalaya : 1187cm (74 yr average)
Driest Place: Atacama Desert, Chile : 0.08cm
Geographical terminology:
Trade Winds are the winds which blow from the sub-tropical belts of high pressure towards the equatorial region of low pressure from the north-east in the northern hemisphere and from the south east in the southern hemisphere.
Gale is the name given to strong winds having a speed between 56km and 72 km per hour.
Hurricane denotes a strong wind and a violent cyclonic storm with torrential rain and thunderstorm with wind velocity of over hundred km per hour.
Tornado is the name given to the violent storm occuring in North America. It is generally accompanied by torrential rains and produces water spouts in the sea.
Water Spout is a tornado occuring in the sea usually in tropical and sub-tropical regions which connects a whirling cone of dense cloud with a cone of spray raised from sea and thus raises a huge column of water.
Bora is the name given to the cold dry wind experienced particularly in winter along the eastern coast of the Atlantic Ocean and in northern Italy.
Cyclone is a storm of high intensity with winds blowing at speeds of 120-280 km per hour round the centre. The winds, often accompanied by torrential rain, rush inward from all directions.
Major Grasslands:
Grasslands Continent/
Country
Prairies North America
Pampas South America
Pretoria South Africa
Veld South Africa
Steppes Eurasia
Downs Australia
Pustaz Hungary
Cantanburry New Zealand
Analysis of census 2001- India
Highest Population States
1. Uttar Pradesh (16.16% of India's total population)
2. Maharashtra (9.42%)
3. Bihar (8.07%)
4. West Bengal (7.79%)
Lowest Population States
1. Sikkim ( 0.05%)
2. Mizoram (0.09%)
3. Arunachal Pradesh (0.11%)
4. Goa (0.13%)
Highest Density of Population States
1. West Bengal (903 persons per sq km)
2. Bihar (881)
3. Kerala (819)
4. Uttar Pradesh (690)
Lowest Density of Population States
1. Arunachal Pradesh (13 persons per sq km)
2. Mizoram (42)
3. Sikkim (76)
4. Manipur (97)
Highest Decadal Growth Rate of Population States
1. Nagaland (64.53%)
2. Sikkim (33.06%)
3. Meghalaya (30.65%)
4. Jammu and Kashmir (29.43%)
Lowest Decadal Growth Rate of Population States
1. Kerala (9.43%)
2. Tamil Nadu (11.72%)
3. Andhra Pradesh (14.59%)
4. Goa (15.21%)
Highest Literacy States
1. Kerala (90.9%)
2. Mizoram (88.8%)
3. Goa (82.0%)
4. Maharashtra (76.9%)
Lowest Literacy States
1. Bihar (47%)
2. Sikkim (50.6%)
3. Jharkhand (53.6%)
4. Arunachal Pradesh (54.3%)
1. Uttar Pradesh (16.16% of India's total population)
2. Maharashtra (9.42%)
3. Bihar (8.07%)
4. West Bengal (7.79%)
Lowest Population States
1. Sikkim ( 0.05%)
2. Mizoram (0.09%)
3. Arunachal Pradesh (0.11%)
4. Goa (0.13%)
Highest Density of Population States
1. West Bengal (903 persons per sq km)
2. Bihar (881)
3. Kerala (819)
4. Uttar Pradesh (690)
Lowest Density of Population States
1. Arunachal Pradesh (13 persons per sq km)
2. Mizoram (42)
3. Sikkim (76)
4. Manipur (97)
Highest Decadal Growth Rate of Population States
1. Nagaland (64.53%)
2. Sikkim (33.06%)
3. Meghalaya (30.65%)
4. Jammu and Kashmir (29.43%)
Lowest Decadal Growth Rate of Population States
1. Kerala (9.43%)
2. Tamil Nadu (11.72%)
3. Andhra Pradesh (14.59%)
4. Goa (15.21%)
Highest Literacy States
1. Kerala (90.9%)
2. Mizoram (88.8%)
3. Goa (82.0%)
4. Maharashtra (76.9%)
Lowest Literacy States
1. Bihar (47%)
2. Sikkim (50.6%)
3. Jharkhand (53.6%)
4. Arunachal Pradesh (54.3%)
Friday, January 2, 2009
Migration
People move for different reasons. These differences affect the overall migration process. The conditions under which a migrant enters a receiver population can have broad implications for all parties involved. The expression migration experience refers to the fact that different causes for migration will produce different outcomes observable from a sociological perspective. For example, a person who moves within a nation will not have the same migration experience as a political refugee. In most cases, refugees need special services from the receiver population such as emergency shelter, food, and legal aid. The psychological trauma of fleeing their homeland and leaving family members behind can also complicate refugees' adjustment to their new environment. Considering that a migrant can be a slave, refugee, or job-seeker, or have some other reason for moving, no single theory can provide a comprehensive explanation for the migration process.
Although a comprehensive theory is unattainable, it remains a crucial task of demographers to explain why people migrate. Theories of migration are important because they can help us understand population movements within their wider political and economic contexts. For example, if outmigration from Third World nations is shown to be a result of economic problems caused by the global economy, then such migration could be managed with better international economic agreements instead of restrictive immigration acts. Indeed, rather than slowing Mexican in-migration to the United States, termination of the bracero program actually increased the amount of illegal immigration because it exacerbated Mexican poverty.
Ernest Ravenstein is widely regarded as the earliest migration theorist. Ravenstein, an English geographer, used census data from England and Wales to develop his "Laws of Migration" (1889). He concluded that migration was governed by a "push-pull" process; that is, unfavorable conditions in one place (oppressive laws, heavy taxation, etc.) "push" people out, and favorable conditions in an external location "pull" them out. Ravenstein's laws stated that the primary cause for migration was better external economic opportunities; the volume of migration decreases as distance increases; migration occurs in stages instead of one long move; population movements are bilateral; and migration differentials (e.g., gender, social class, age) influence a person's mobility.
Many theorists have followed in Ravenstein's footsteps, and the dominant theories in contemporary scholarship are more or less variations of his conclusions. Everett Lee (1966) reformulated Ravenstein's theory to give more emphasis to internal (or push) factors. Lee also outlined the impact that intervening obstacles have on the migration process. He argued that variables such as distance, physical and political barriers, and having dependents can impede or even prevent migration. Lee pointed out that the migration process is selective because differentials such as age, gender, and social class affect how persons respond to push-pull factors, and these conditions also shape their ability to overcome intervening obstacles. Furthermore, personal factors such as a person's education, knowledge of a potential receiver population, family ties, and the like can facilitate or retard migration.
Several theories have been developed to treat international patterns of migration on their own terms, but these too are variants of push-pull theory. First, neoclassical economic theory (Sjaastad 1962; Todaro 1969) suggests that international migration is related to the global supply and demand for labor. Nations with scarce labor supply and high demand will have high wages that pull immigrants in from nations with a surplus of labor. Second, segmented labor-market theory (Piore 1979) argues that First World economies are structured so as to require a certain level of immigration. This theory suggests that developed economies are dualistic: they have a primary market of secure, well-remunerated work and a secondary market of low-wage work. Segmented labor-market theory argues that immigrants are recruited to fill these jobs that are necessary for the overall economy to function but are avoided by the native-born population because of the poor working conditions associated with the secondary labor market. Third, world-systems theory (Sassen 1988) argues that international migration is a by-product of global capitalism. Contemporary patterns of international migration tend to be from the periphery (poor nations) to the core (rich nations) because factors associated with industrial development in the First World generated structural economic problems, and thus push factors, in the Third World.
Although a comprehensive theory is unattainable, it remains a crucial task of demographers to explain why people migrate. Theories of migration are important because they can help us understand population movements within their wider political and economic contexts. For example, if outmigration from Third World nations is shown to be a result of economic problems caused by the global economy, then such migration could be managed with better international economic agreements instead of restrictive immigration acts. Indeed, rather than slowing Mexican in-migration to the United States, termination of the bracero program actually increased the amount of illegal immigration because it exacerbated Mexican poverty.
Ernest Ravenstein is widely regarded as the earliest migration theorist. Ravenstein, an English geographer, used census data from England and Wales to develop his "Laws of Migration" (1889). He concluded that migration was governed by a "push-pull" process; that is, unfavorable conditions in one place (oppressive laws, heavy taxation, etc.) "push" people out, and favorable conditions in an external location "pull" them out. Ravenstein's laws stated that the primary cause for migration was better external economic opportunities; the volume of migration decreases as distance increases; migration occurs in stages instead of one long move; population movements are bilateral; and migration differentials (e.g., gender, social class, age) influence a person's mobility.
Many theorists have followed in Ravenstein's footsteps, and the dominant theories in contemporary scholarship are more or less variations of his conclusions. Everett Lee (1966) reformulated Ravenstein's theory to give more emphasis to internal (or push) factors. Lee also outlined the impact that intervening obstacles have on the migration process. He argued that variables such as distance, physical and political barriers, and having dependents can impede or even prevent migration. Lee pointed out that the migration process is selective because differentials such as age, gender, and social class affect how persons respond to push-pull factors, and these conditions also shape their ability to overcome intervening obstacles. Furthermore, personal factors such as a person's education, knowledge of a potential receiver population, family ties, and the like can facilitate or retard migration.
Several theories have been developed to treat international patterns of migration on their own terms, but these too are variants of push-pull theory. First, neoclassical economic theory (Sjaastad 1962; Todaro 1969) suggests that international migration is related to the global supply and demand for labor. Nations with scarce labor supply and high demand will have high wages that pull immigrants in from nations with a surplus of labor. Second, segmented labor-market theory (Piore 1979) argues that First World economies are structured so as to require a certain level of immigration. This theory suggests that developed economies are dualistic: they have a primary market of secure, well-remunerated work and a secondary market of low-wage work. Segmented labor-market theory argues that immigrants are recruited to fill these jobs that are necessary for the overall economy to function but are avoided by the native-born population because of the poor working conditions associated with the secondary labor market. Third, world-systems theory (Sassen 1988) argues that international migration is a by-product of global capitalism. Contemporary patterns of international migration tend to be from the periphery (poor nations) to the core (rich nations) because factors associated with industrial development in the First World generated structural economic problems, and thus push factors, in the Third World.
Theories and Models Part1
Concentric Theory : E. W. Burgess
Sector Theory : Home Hoyt
Central Place Theory : Christaller
Multiple Nuclei Theory : Harris and Ullman
Industrial location Theory: A. Waber
Rank-size rule : G. K. Zipf
Law of retail gravitation : W. J. Reilly
Concept of conurbation : Patrick Geddes
Concept of megalopolis : Jean Gottmann
Demographic Transition Models: Warren Thompson & Frank Wallace Notestein
Law of Migration: Ernest Ravenstein
Law of Migration,intervening obstacles : Everett Lee
Growth Theory : Rostow
Neoclassical economic theory : Sjaastad
Segmented labor-market theory : Piore
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